![]() Typical carcinoid tumor arising in the nose and paranasal sinuses: case report. Furuta A, Kudo M, Kanai K, Ohki S, Suzaki H. The sphenoid sinus: an unusual presentation of a typical carcinoid tumor. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the sphenoid sinus: a case report. Westerveld GJ, van Diest PJ, van Nieuwkerk EB. ![]() MR imaging of a carcinoid tumor metastatic to the orbit. Braffman BH, Bilaniuk LT, Eagle RC Jr, et al. A case series of neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor metastasis to the orbit. Turaka K, Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, Lally SE, Kligman B, Shields JA. Carcinoid tumor metastases to the extraocular muscles: MR imaging and CT findings and review of the literature. Carcinoid presenting as extrinsic eye muscle metastasis. Takemoto Y, Nishida N, Kojiro S, Jimi A, Kojiro M. Imaging of carcinoid tumors: spectrum of findings with pathologic and clinical correlation. Elsayes KM, Menias CO, Bowerson M, Osman OM, Alkharouby AM, Hillen TJ. Primary carcinoid tumor of the skull base: case report and review of the literature. Ibrahim M, Yousef M, Bohnen N, Eisbruch A, Parmar H. Brain carcinoid metastases: outcomes and prognostic factors. Mallory GW, Fang S, Giannini C, Van Gompel JJ, Parney IF. Experience with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Yellin A, Zwas ST, Rozenman J, Simansky DA, Goshen E. The gastrointestinal tract: a statement from a Canadian National Carcinoid Expert Group. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of carcinoid tumours. Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Olney JR, Urdaneta LF, Al-Jurf AS, Jochimsen PR, Shirazi SS. Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a 44-year experience. Saha S, Hoda S, Godfrey R, Sutherland C, Raybon K. Carcinoid tumors of the gut: our experience over three decades and review of the literature. An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung, pancreas and gut. Capella C, Heitz PU, Höfler H, Solcia E, Klöppel G. Duodenal carcinoids: imaging features with clinical-pathologic comparison. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. ![]() Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Knowledge of the diverse clinical, pathologic, and radiologic spectrum of carcinoid tumors involving various organs of the body is important for diagnosis and patient management. Awareness of nomenclature, classification, common sites of involvement, and imaging presentation are pivotal for making the diagnosis. Cross-sectional and functional imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, lesion characterization, and staging. Numerous systems have been proposed regarding their nomenclature and classification. Not a ll neuroendocrine cell tumors are carcinoids. Their reported age-adjusted incidence has increased in recent years, partly due to improved detection at radiologic imaging and endoscopy. The clinical presentation depends on location, aggressiveness, production of biologically active amines and peptides, paraneoplastic syndromes, and tendency for metastasis. The most common sites for primary locations are the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts however, any organ can be involved. They belong to the category of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylase tumors, or apudomas. Carcinoid tumors are a rare biologically heterogeneous group of neuroendocrine tumors with a spectrum ranging from benign indolent to aggressive metastatic tumors.
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